LEIF – Report 2 (European network HPRI-CT-1999-40012) Low Energy Ion Beam Facilities
1. Annual LEIF-network meeting
19.-22. October 2000 HMI-Berlin Germany

Report

on the

1. Annual meeting

of the

Infrastructure co-operation network

LEIF

‘Low Energy Ion beam Facilities’

HPRI-CT-1999-40012

Content :

I) organisers comments

II) activities in the individual projects

III) LEIF-related fields

IV) Recommendations of the NMB

V) Young scientist forum

VI) Annex

Programme of the meeting

Poster presentations

List of participants

I) Organisers comments

This report summarises the activities and the subjects which have been discussed during the 1. Annual meeting of the network LEIF, organised by the HMI-Berlin and held from the 19^th to the 22^nd of October 2001 in Potsdam, Germany.

In contrast to the kick-off meeting, which has been limited to actual members of the network with the aim to define the general network-strategy and the concrete measures to be taken in the network, this conference was open to a larger community including external users as well as experts. They represented different fields, not necessarily identical with the domain of highly charged ions. It was the aim to present the activities of this newly created network to a larger community, to show the performances of and the possibilities at the different infrastructures, to integrate ‘outside’ scientists into this project for example by initiating scientific collaborations and to create a forum, where an exchange of ideas between scientists of different fields, particularly including younger physicists, is easily possible. Based on these ideas, the meeting has been organised in the following way:

- presentation of low energy ion beam facilities

- presentation of user projects (poster session)

- possible applications of multiply charged ions

- progress reports concerning the LEIF-projects

- discussion of subjects linked to the network projects

- young scientists forum

- general network managing (NMB-meeting).

The presentation of the low energy ion beam facilities included in addition to the eight LEIF-installations two infrastructures with comparable characteristics. This concerns the installation which is presently being developed at the MPI at Heidelberg (Germany) as well as the infrastructure CIRIL at Caen (France). The scientific programs and the user service,which will be offered by both institutions coincides with the ideas of LEIF and a close co-operation and participation in the LEIF-activities is foreseen the in near future.

One of the objectives of the annual network meeting concerns the beam time demand and the beam time attribution to different user groups. As a first step in this direction a poster session has been organised in which the scientific projects of the different users and infrastructures have been presented and discussed. The list of the poster presentations (given in the annex of this report) shows that one part of the activities is devoted to experimental studies of a large variety of collision processes and particle interactions. However, another important part is linked to the development of technical devices.

The conference had been organised in a conference-specialised centre which facilitated by its infrastructure a smooth and easy running of the meeting. In particular, the common places (like central hall, meeting rooms, restaurant or bar) and side-walks along the nearby lake ensured the possibilities of intensive discussions. It was encouraging that about one half of the conference participants came from outside the network. This was in part possible by the financial LEIF-support which was available for users and experts.

We would like to thank the participants for their contributions and the stimulating atmosphere which they helped to create, not to forget the organising team of the HMI.

Grenoble, Berlin B.A. Huber N. Stolterfoht

II) Activities in individual projects

The Saturday afternoon session was designated to discuss the activities and the work being made in the six individual projects which have been defined in the LEIF-network. The session was limited to LEIF-members in order to allow for an intensive discussion. A detailed analysis of the progress which has been achieved so far will be given in the annual report (February 2001). Therefore, only a short summary will be given here.

Project 1: Information policy

The main objective of this project concerns the design and the actualisation of a LEIF-homepage. Concerning this task the following points have been discussed:

The actual address of our LEIF-homepage www.physics.uoc/~leif/LEIF will be changed into the more direct address: www.leif-network.org. It will be hosted by France Telecom and will be available early 2001.

The homepages of the different principal contractors which will be linked to the central page are in progress. One is operational, several others are ready to be connected. An effort is still necessary concerning the design of the project-related pages.

The installation of a ‘Poster Gallery’ on the web has been discussed. It has been decided that several talks which have been presented at the Berlin meeting and which are available in an appropriate format shall be published on the LEIF-homepage. This concerns in particular the talks on : Quality in basic research, HCIs and diagnostic of comets, Ion implantation-New possibilities by highly charged Ions?

The practical procedures for creating and circulating a Newsletter have been discussed. It is planned to start this communication in 2001 with 2 or 3 issues. In order to ensure that a large community is informed, the Newsletter will be sent out by e-mail in addition to its publication on the LEIF-homepage.

Project 2: Management and quality

A quality meeting has been organised in July (7.7.2000) in Grenoble, bringing together several members of the LEIF-network with the representatives of two professional enterprises, which are concerned with the application of quality standards (see summary-report on the web-page). The general outcome of this meeting was the conclusion, that it is not realistic to apply existing quality standards (ISO-9001 norms, etc.) to fundamental research and to our network. The most promising procedure for introducing quality in our domain is based on our definition of our needs, of the methods we want to apply to fulfil these needs and of the quality criteria which we propose to control the success and the effectiveness of the proposed methods. This is also in the spirit of the new ISO 9000:2000 norm.

As in the field of basic research a working group of CEA/DSM (R. Duc, A. Muret) has already established a referential of quality, we have initiated a close collaboration with this group in order to create a quality referential for the network LEIF. In order to confront the community with the concepts of quality a talk about this subject has been included in the programme of the annual meeting.

One of the main objectives of this project concerns a centralised beam distribution, which is a difficult goal as existing national committees are not in favour of the creation of such an institution. Different possibilities have been discussed in Berlin. As a first step we intend to organise during the next annual meeting an oral presentation of all beam time demands, which should be evaluated by a LEIF-committee (not yet defined). It is the task of this committee to evaluate the proposals, to write a corresponding report and to give suggestions and recommendations. The final beam distribution will remain at the existing national committees.

In order to allow for a better planning of future experiments, standardised methods for measuring ion beam currents with given emittances have been defined. The corresponding systems are under construction.

Projects 3 to 6

The first step within these 4 projects consisted of establishing an overview about the actual situation, about the different systems and the various methods which are applied and used by the community. For this purpose different inquiries have been sent out to all partners demanding for the relevant information. The results have been presented at the Berlin meeting by the project managers, a detailed summary of this work will be included in the annual report.

In addition to these common initiatives, which have been defined in the project programme, some project specific decision have been taken:

On-line access: As a step towards the necessary standardisation of computer controlled systems operating ion sources or experimental devices, the software package LabView has been selected. A corresponding introduction into this system as well as some practical training courses are to be organised during the next annual meeting.

In a kind of pilot-project two ECR ion sources will be operated by remote controlling via the LabView programme. One ion source (HMI-Berlin) is now operational in this modus, another one (TU-Vienna) is in the status of development.

Common tools and multi-coincidence detectors / ion beam production / ion beam control and deceleration:

New technical developments concerning the projects 4 to 6 have been discussed in form of invited talks. The subjects include powerful multi-electrode detectors, the development of a ‘warm’ EBIT and the different methods which can be applied to decelerate highly charged ions into the eV-range. In order to proceed further in these fields, several smaller workshops are planned for 2001:

Improvement of ECR-ion sources (Giessen)

Sources for complex ions and Traps (Aarhus)

Recent developments for multi-detectors (Heraklion or Bielefeld)

Ion beam deceleration techniques (probably Heraklion)

III) LEIF-related fields

An important objective of LEIF is to open the field of highly charged ions to other areas and to increase the interaction with those fields where these ions can serve for applications or diagnostic purposes. Therefore, several invited talks have been included in the conference programme covering the role which slow, highly charged ions can play in plasma- and astrophysics, the physics of biomolecules, cluster and surface physics as well as material science. It was the aim to give an overview on the actual situation, and in particular to propose either concrete examples or to discuss possible applications even though they might not yet been totally affirmed.

Concerning the field of plasma- and astrophysics the actual needs for efficient diagnostic tools based on the interaction or the properties of highly charged ions have been discussed. On the one hand, problems which are linked to the new generation of powerful tokamac devices, in particular to the high energy dissipation in the divertor region, require the adding of cooling gases (rare gases) into the discharge or the use of high-Z materials (for example tungsten) for the surrounding walls. Under these modified conditions the role of highly charged ions in fusion plasmas becomes very important and have to be reconsidered. A precise determination of corresponding cooling rates and radiation losses is essential and necessary (X-ray or EUV spectroscopy).

On the other hand, recent space missions by the NASA and the ESA have produced a large amount of new spectroscopic data concerning the X-ray emission of cold comets. This emission (in the range of 200 to 700 eV) is attributed to the interaction of the solar wind with the cometary gas. The modelling of the comet composition and its physical conditions requires laboratory studies of the interaction of light multiply charged ions (N^q+, O^q+) with small molecules like H₂O, CO₂, CO, HCN, CH₄, dust and hydrocarbons. In this context two collaborating groups have been initiated in the United States and in Europe with the objective to increase our knowledge about these collision systems. The European group is organised by J. Greenwood (QUB), who convinced many LEIF-members to participate in this project. A summary of this activity can be found on the web-site: ,

which will be linked to the LEIF homepage.

Two other talks have been devoted to the physics of biomolecules and to cluster physics. In the first case, the damage of the DNA molecule by the formation of double strand breaks after irradiation and the correlation with cell lethality has been the central point of discussion. Irradiation experiments which have been performed so far with photons or high energy ions could not give a unique response on the destruction mechanism (primary or secondary effects after K-vacancy production) and the radio-biological effects. Slow highly charged ions may allow for another experimental approach due to their capacity to capture mainly valence electrons in a very localised manner. First experiments are being performed within the network. With respect to the interaction of ions with clusters (C₆₀ and sodium clusters), the subjects of actual interest concern the energy deposition in finite-size systems and the energy coupling and transfer between different internal modes of complex systems. It has been pointed out that in order to better understand the stability and the fragmentation mechanisms it is necessary to measure energy- and angular-resolved fragmentation mass spectra. As the cluster size can be varied over a wide range, these studies allow to correlate these phenomena with those observed in the case of small molecules or large-size systems like solids.

Finally, two talks have been addressed to the interaction of ions with surfaces and with solid materials. In the first case, which represents a domain of highly charged ions since many years already, the recent progress and new results about Ar ions in medium charge states colliding with metal surfaces have been presented, evidencing the occurrence of strong projectile shell effects. In addition, X-ray measurements with projectiles in very high charge states (Pb⁵⁵⁺) have been analysed with respect to below- and above-surface emission and to the influence of the projectile shell structure. In the second case, it was the aim to discuss (and speculate about) new potential possibilities concerning the use of highly charged ions for the purpose of ion implantation. Several direct applications have been proposed, reaching from transistor devices to the advantages of highly charged ions in the so-called ion-beam assisted deposition technique, to be applied for the growth of thin films. The characteristic property which might be useful for different applications is the high potential energy, which is carried by slow highly charged ions. This property may result in the lowering of annealing temperatures which have to be applied in the production schemes of different devices and may be used as an efficient tool for surface modifications. Recent measurements have shown, that a large fraction of this potential energy (~30%) is retained in the surface region of the material, especially at low collision energies.

IV) Discussions and decisions of the NMB

(present : all principal contractors ; excused : Ö. Skeppstedt)

During the session of the network management board 3 different aspects have been

discussed:

General information concerning the network and the organisation of the

annual meeting 2000 in Potsdam.

Analysis of the present status of the network projects, propositions for improvements and future activities.

Discussion of the meetings and workshops planned in 2001 and preparation of the first annual LEIF-report.

a) In a general sense, we have analysed the interactions and the collaborations which have been developed during the first eight months of the network due to the existence of LEIF, as well as the meetings and the exchange visits. We agreed that this is still a field for improvement, particularly concerning the flux of information between the members of the network. Furthermore, a comparison with other European networks which have been funded under the 5^th frame-work programme has been performed.

b) Concerning the 1. Annual meeting, the following statistical facts have been established:

Number of participants: 60

(further specification : 40 users, 10 experts and 10 other scientists)

Number of participating countries: 11 (10 Europe + USA)

Number of invited persons: 20 (10 external users, 10 experts)

Financial support: 7700 Euro

Meeting organisation: 1500 Euro (LEIF) + 1500 Euro (local resources)

Due to the absence of Dr. Skeppstedt (sudden illness) the following changes of the programme have been decided:

- chairperson for the lecture on quality: Dr. H. Lebius

- presentation of the MSL-facility: Prof. Dr. R. Schuch

c) The progress and the activities in the different LEIF-projects have been discussed. In particular the following remarks should be added:

It has been decided, that different web-pages have to be developed and linked to the central LEIF-page. This concerns 12 home-pages which characterise the participating institutions, their scientific activities and, if applicable, the corresponding infrastructures. These pages have to be provided by the different principal contractors. In addition 6 linked web-pages should describe the progress in the individual projects (to be provided by each project responsible). The NMB congratulated the Vienna group for preparing the first home-page and encouraged strongly the other participants to follow their example without strong delay.

Several inquiries have been sent out with the aim to establish an overview on the

actual situation in the different projects. In general a corresponding answer has been given, however, in some cases a faster and a more complete answer would have helped to keep the demanding persons in a ‘highly motivated state’.

Concerning publications, we agreed that the compilation on the central LEIF-web-page should include all publications which are made by members or users of LEIF and which deal with subjects relevant to low energy ion beam facilities. Those publications which are a result of LEIF-collaborations or which have been carried out within the network should include in the acknowledgements a sentence like:

‘This work has been carried out within the framework of the European network LEIF (HPRI-CT-1999-40012)’.

In order to discuss specific subjects in more detail and more extensively, we discussed the possibility of organising smaller workshops; ateliers, which should be open also to interested persons outside of the network. This concerns mainly the projects 4 to 6, which deal with detector systems, ion beam production and ion beam control and deceleration. The corresponding persons in charge agreed to organise such a meeting either as a separate workshop or as a satellite to the main LEIF-meeting. As possible venues Giessen and Aarhus have been proposed.

d) The date of the next annual meeting (2001 on Crete) has been fixed to the 11^th - 16^th of September 2001. The local organiser has been asked to find a suitable conference place with reasonable prices to allow in particular young scientists to participate in this meeting. The meeting will include a formation in form of practical courses concerning the software packet LabView.

e) In order to support the co-ordinator in preparing the first annual report (due to March

2001), the principal contractors agreed to supply him with the following information and documents concerning the first year:

- list of meetings and working visits with different LEIF-members and the corresponding outcome,

- list of initiated collaborations,

- reports about progress in individual projects (by the persons in charge),

- update of the publication list 2000/2001,

- signed list of expenses (forms E-1 and E-2/B),

- overview on man-month-values,

- any useful additional information.

f) In 2000 the European Commission agreed that several members of the network could

finance the attendance of a congress in the US (HCI: Highly charged ions; CAARI: Conference on the application of Accelerators in Research and Industry) through the LEIF-network. It turned out that this was an effective way to present the LEIF-activities to a large community, which represents potential LEIF-users.

In 2001 the important conference on collision physics (ICPEAC: International Conference on Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions) will take place in the US. The co-ordinator has been asked to formulate a corresponding demand vis-à-vis the European Commission.
V) Young scientist forum

The success of a network depends primarily on the participants and the initiatives and ideas, which they propose and develop. In particular, young scientists play an important role in this respect, as they can contribute very often with new, original and unconventional propositions. Therefore, it is desirable to create a platform, where these people can express their ideas and formulate their needs concerning their future, a so-called young scientist forum. A first session has been organised during the annual meeting on Saturday afternoon.

Meeting – report

The forum was organised by the chairmen Volker Hofmann (HMI) and Johannes Stöckl (TUW) at the Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin. The meeting was attended by ten persons.

It was the aim of this first meeting to present and to introduce the new forum and to discuss with the participants several topics and first initiatives.

One of this topics concerned the creation of an e-group mailing list. This will open the possibility of fast communication between the currently 10 members of the forum. This instrument will be used to discuss specific problems in physics but will serve also as a platform for job-offers or student exchanges, avoiding too much bureaucracy.

During the discussion it turned out that especially exchange possibilities are of great interest for students, as they allow the diploma students to see and compare the organisation of and experimental work at different laboratories. This will increase the competitiveness of our students on the job-market. This is important as many graduate students are applying for positions in industry. The LEIF-network should therefore help our students to participate in different experiments at laboratories within the network.

Another objective is the design of a young scientist homepage which will become part of the LEIF-network Internet site.

Concerning the next annual meeting in Greece in September 2001, the needs and the possibilities of organising a LabView course for the participants has been discussed. A strong interest in such a formation has been expressed.

V. Hoffmann, J. Stöckl

VI) Annex:

a) Programme of the annual meeting

b) Poster presentations

c) List of participants

a) Programme of the annual meeting

Thursday evening (19.10.2000) (network-intern)

20⁰⁰ - 21⁰⁰ NMB-meeting (network management board)

Friday (20.10.2000)

8³⁰ Welcome N. Stolterfoht (HMI-Berlin)

B. Huber (CEA-Grenoble)

Quality (chair: H. Lebius (CEA-Grenoble))

8⁵⁰ Quality in basic research R. Duc (CEA-Saclay)

9⁴⁰ Coffee

10⁰⁰ - 12⁰⁰

Presentation of LEIF - infrastructures (installation / physics projects)

(chair: B. Huber, CEA-Grenoble) / (12+3 min each)

Aarhus P. Hvelplund

Belfast R.W. McCullough

Berlin N. Stolterfoht

Gießen R. Trassl

Grenoble H. Lebius

Groningen R. Morgenstern

Stockholm R. Schuch

Wien F. Aumayr

12⁰⁰ CIRIL-Caen J.P. Grandin (CIRIL-Caen)

12¹⁵ MPI-Heidelberg J. Ullrich (Univ. Freiburg)

12³⁰ - 14⁰⁰ Lunch

Experimental aspects (corresponding to different LEIF-projects)

(chair: project organizers)

14⁰⁰ A Multipixel Detector for Multihit

Detection and Position (project 4) S. Della-Negra (IPN-Orsay)

14³⁰ DEBIT-Dresden Electron Beam Ion Trap (project 5)

G. Zschornack (TU-Dresden)

15⁰⁰ Low-Energy Ions (project 6)

octopole systems R. Morgenstern (KVI-Groningen)

electrostatic deceleration J.P. Briand (ERIS-Paris)

15⁴⁰ Coffee

16⁰⁰-19⁰⁰ Poster session

Experiments at LEIF infrastructures

(results and future projects 2000/2001)

20⁰⁰ Dinner

Saturday (21.10.2000)

Research with HCIs

chair: HP. Winter (TU-Wien)

8³⁰ Fusion-relevant data of HCI C. Biedermann (MPI-Berlin)

9⁰⁰ HCIs and diagnostic of comets J. Greenwood (QUB-Belfast)

9³⁰ Biomolecules and HCIs A. Chetioui (GPS-Paris)

10⁰⁰ Coffee

chair: N. Stolterfoht (HMI-Berlin)

10³⁰ Ion-cluster collision theory U. Saalmann (MPI-PKS-Dresden)

11⁰⁰ Ion-surface interaction : Ion scattering

and X-ray emission R. Schuch (Stockholm University)

11³⁰ Ion Implantation-New possibilities

by highly charged ions ? W. Möller (FZ-Rossendorf)

12⁰⁰ - 13³⁰ Lunch

13³⁰-15⁰⁰ Progress reports in LEIF- projects

(LEIF-intern - B. Huber )

13³⁰ Information policy T. Tzouros (FRT)

13⁴⁵ Management and quality in the network H. Lebius (CEA)

14⁰⁰ Online access Hp. Winter (TUW)

14¹⁵ Detector systems H.O.Lutz (UBI)

14³⁰ Ion beam production P. Hvelplund (UAA)

14⁴⁵ Beam control and deceleration R. Morgenstern (KVI)

14⁰⁰ - 15⁰⁰ Young scientist forum

V. Hoffmann (HMI-Berlin)

J. Stoeckl (TU-Wien) (presentation, discussion)

15⁰⁰ - 18⁰⁰ Outing or visit of castle Sanssouci (Grand Palais)

(depending on weather conditions)

20⁰⁰ Dinner

b) Poster presentations

1. Charge transfer in ion-ion collisions (JLU-Giessen)

2. Compact All-Permanent Magnet ECR Ion Sources (JLU-Giessen)

3. Multi-anode detector (LASIM-Lyon)

4. Fragmentation of fullerenes using multiply charged ions (LASIM-Lyon)

5. Low energy ion beam facility at QUB (QUB-Belfast)

6. Low energy ion beam projects at QUB (QUB-Belfast)

7. The accelerator AIM at Grenoble (CEA-Grenoble)

8. Ion collisions with clusters and molecules (CEA-Grenoble)

9. ECR-source for organic molecules and bio-molecules (LFU-Innsbruck)

10. Multiply charged rare gas and carbon clusters (LFU-Innsbruck)

11. Position sensitive MCP-detectors (RoentDek, Frankfurt)

12. Acceleration and characterization of gold nano-droplet beams + New

molecular ion source development (TANCREDE project) (IPN-Orsay)

13. Physics involving HCIs : LEIF-related projects at IAP / TU Wien (TU-Wien)

14. Spectroscopic investigations of highly charged iridium ions at the

Dresden EBIT (TU-Dresden)

15. Population of trions in ion/surface collisions (LCAM-Orsay)

16. Interaction between low charged ions and C₆₀ molecules (IRSAMC-Toulouse)

17. Inner-shell electron capture in slow ion-atom and ion-molecule collisions (CIRIL-Caen)

18. Electron impact ionisation and dissociation of molecular ions (Louvain la Neuve)

19. Energy loss of fast N ions at grazing incidence of Pt(100) (Univ. Osnabrück)

20. First results of the Freiburg Electron Ion Beam Trap and Source (MPI-Heidelberg)

21. Multi-ionisation and fragmentation of small molecules (Univ. Bielefeld)

22. High resolution Auger spectroscopy of highly charged ions in collisions with atoms (FORTH, Greece)

23. Deceleration of HCI on surfaces (ERIS-Paris)

24. New technique for ion deceleration on surfaces (ERIS-Paris)

25. Fragmentation of fullerenes (KVI-Groningen)

26. Photon emission from low-energy ion collisions (KVI-Groningen)

27. ECR facility at ISL Berlin (HMI-Berlin)

28. Ion scattering in nano-capillaries (HMI-Berlin)

29. Experimental program at the Manne Siegbahn Laboratory (MSL-Stockholm)

30. The CRYRING facility at the Manne Siegbahn Laboratory (MSL-Stockholm)

31. The Aarhus EBIS Storage Ring (ASTRID) Program (University of Aarhus)

32. Large Molecules in a Small Storage Ring (ELISA) (University of Aarhus)

33. Status and new developments at the 14.5 GHz AOMKI ECRIS (ATOMKI-Debrecen)

34. Double electron capture and radiative stabilisation in

low-energy Ne¹⁰⁺ + He collisions (ATOMKI-Debrecen)

35. CODIAN-Controlling an ECR-Source with LabVIEW (HMI-Berlin)

c) List of participants (60)

A) Infrastructures and internal users (18)

H. Lebius CEA-Grenoble

B.A. Huber ’’

N. Stolterfoht HMI-Berlin

V. Hoffmann ’’

J. Bundesmann ’’

U. Stettner ’’

E. Salzborn Univ. Giessen

R. Trassl ’’

H. Bräuning ’’

R. Morgenstern KVI-Groningen

Ö. Skeppstedt MSL Stockholm

R.W. McCullough QUB Belfast

J. Greenwood ’’

F. Currell ’’

HP. Winter TU Wien

F. Aumayr ’’

J. Stöckl ’’

P. Hvelplund Aarhus University

B) Users (22)

J.P. Briand Université Paris VI

G. Giardino ’’

S. Daveau ’’

T.D. Märk Leopold Franzens Universität, Innsbruck

P. Scheier ’’

S. Matt ’’

H.O. Lutz Universität Bielefeld

U. Werner ’’

B. Siegmann ’’

I. Küster ’’

T. J.M. Zouros FORTH, Greece

S. Martin Université Lyon I

Li Chen ’’

A. Bordenave Montesquieu Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse

P. Roncin Univ. Paris-Sud, Orsay Y. Chesnel Ciril Caen

F. Fremont ’’

H. Winter HU Berlin

B. Sulik ATOMKI, Debrecen

P. Defrance Univ. Louvain la Neuve

A. Cassimi CIRIL-Caen

W. Heiland Univ. Osnabrück

C) Invited Experts (speakers) (10)

G. Zschornack TU-Dresden (Rossendorf)

C. Biedermann MPI - Berlin

A. Chetioui Paris VII

U. Saalmann MPI-Dresden

R. Schuch Stockholm University

W. Möller FZ Rossendorf

R. Duc CEA-Saclay

J. Ullrich Universität Freiburg

J.P. Grandin CIRIL-Caen

S. Della-Negra IPN-Orsay

D) Other participants (10)

D. Schneider Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (USA)

A. Landers Western Michigan University (USA) J. Tanis ’’

Radtke MPI-Berlin

T. Fuchs ’’

F. Ullmann TU-Dresden

V.P. Ovsyannikov ’’

O. Jagutzki IFK Frankfurt D. Vernhet GPS, Paris VI F. Herzog HMI-Berlin

E) Country code :

Austria 6

Belgium 1

Denmark 2

France 17

Germany 23

Greece 1

Hungary 1

Netherlands 1

Sweden 2

United Kingdom 3

United States 3